Chinese English

Faintly luminous electrical di­scharge in the ATMOSPHERE: this discharge, more or less continuous and of slight or moderate intensity, emana­tes from objects which present a high surface electric field, in particular from points and sharp edges.

A measure of the quantity of dissolved salts in SEA WATER. It is normally defined as the total amount of dissolved solids in SEA WATER in parts per thousand (‰) by WEIGHT when all the carbonate has been converted to oxide, the bromide and iodide to chloride, and all organic matter is completely oxidiz­ed. These qualifications result from the chemical diffi­culty in drying the salts in SEA WATER. In practice, salinity is not determined directly but is computed from CHLORIN­ITY, electrical conductivity, refractive index, or some other property whose rela­tionship to salinity is well established. Because of the Law of Constancy of Proportions, the amount of CHLORINITY in a sea water sample is used to establish the sample's salinity. The relationship between chlorinity Cl and salinity S as set forth in Knudsen's Tables is S = 0.03 + 1.805 Cl. A joint committee of IAPO, UNESCO, ICES, and SCOR proposed the universal adoption of the following equation for determining salinity from CHLORINITY: S = 1.80655 Cl. It was adopted by IAPO in 1963 and ICES in 1964.

海水溶解盐数量的一种量度。通常规定海水中以重量千分比计算溶解固体盐的总数，这种计量的正常条件为：所有碳酸盐转变为氧化物，溴化物和碘化物转变为氯化物，所有有机物完全氧化。 建立这些条件是因为用海水晒盐在化学上难以做到。实际上，盐度并不是直接确定的，而是根据氯度、导电率、折射率以及有关的其它特性进行的。 根据比率守恒定律，常用海水抽样中含氯量，来确定样本的盐度。 在“努森表”中，氯度Cl和盐度S的关系是：S=0.03+1.805CI 国际海洋物理科学协会（IAPSO）、联合国教科文组织（UNESCO）、国际海洋考察理事会（ICES）和海洋研究科学委员会（SCOR）的一个共同委员会建议世界统一采用由氯度求盐度的公式：S=1.80655CI。IAPSO和ICES已分别于1963、1964年采纳。

Producing rolling motion of a vessel by the running in unison of a group from side to side. This is usually done to help float a vessel which is aground or to assist it to make HEADWAY when it is BESET by ICE.

A large wavelike sediment feature in very shallow water and composed of sand. The wavelength may reach 100 metres; the amplitude may be up to 20 metres. Also sand-wave or sand wave. Sometimes called a mega-ripple.

The eclipse cycle of about 18 YEARS, almost the same length as 223 SYNODICAL MONTHS. At the end of each saros the SUN, MOON, and LINE OF NODES return to ap­proximately the same relative positions, and another series of ECLIPSES begins, closely resembling the series just completed.

A relatively small CELESTIAL BODY revolv­ing around a PLANET. Name sometimes given to the fictitious bodies assumed in the HARMONIC ANALYSIS OF TIDES.