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	Term	术语	Definition	定义
	orientation: basal	摄影基线定向	In PHOTOGRAMMETRY, the establishment of the POSITION of both ends of an AIR BASE with respect to a ground system of COORDINATES. In all, s... more In PHOTOGRAMMETRY, the establishment of the POSITION of both ends of an AIR BASE with respect to a ground system of COORDINATES. In all, six elements are required. These are essentially the three-dimensional COORDINATES of each end of the BASE.	摄影测量学中，确定航摄基线两端点相对于地面坐标系的位置。总共需要六个元素，至少需要包括基线每个端点的三维坐标。
	orientation: exterior	外定向	In PHOTOGRAMMETRY, the determining (analytically or in a photogrammetric instrument) of the POSITION of the CAMERA STATION and the attitude ... more In PHOTOGRAMMETRY, the determining (analytically or in a photogrammetric instrument) of the POSITION of the CAMERA STATION and the attitude of the taking CAMERA at the instant of EXPOSURE. In stereoscopic instrument practice, exterior orientation is divided into two parts, RELATIVE and ABSOLUTE ORIENTATION. Also called outer orientation.	在摄影测量中，指确定（采用分析法或者摄影测量仪器）摄影时刻摄影站空间位置和航拍相机高度。在立体摄影仪作业中，外定向分为两个部分：相对定位和绝对定位。也称为outer orientation（外定向）。
	orientation: inner	内方位，内定向	See ORIENTATION: INTERIOR.	参见interior orientation（内方位，内定向）。
	orientation: interior	内方位，内定向	In PHOTOGRAMMETRY, the determining (analytically or in a photogrammetric instrument) of the interior perspective of the PHOTOGRAPH as it was... more In PHOTOGRAMMETRY, the determining (analytically or in a photogrammetric instrument) of the interior perspective of the PHOTOGRAPH as it was at the instant of EXPOSURE. Elements of interior orientation are the CALIBRATED FOCAL LENGTH, location of the calibrated PRINCIPAL POINT, and the calibrated LENS DISTORTION. Also called inner orientation.	在摄影测量学中，确定（采用分析方法或在摄影测量仪器中）在相机曝光瞬间像片的内方位元素。内方位元素包括：标定校准焦距、标定投影中心位置以及标定透镜畸变。亦称为inner orientation（内方位，内定向）。
	orientation: outer	外定向	See ORIENTATION: EXTERIOR.	参见exterior orientation（外定向）。
	orientation: photogrammetric	摄影测量定向	The recreation of natural terrain features at a miniature SCALE by the optical projection of overlapping PHOTOGRAPHS. The model is formed wh... more The recreation of natural terrain features at a miniature SCALE by the optical projection of overlapping PHOTOGRAPHS. The model is formed when all corresponding LIGHT RAYS from the two PROJECTORS intersect in space. See also ORIENTATION: ABSOLUTE, ORIENTATION: BASAL, ORIENTATION: EXTERIOR, ORIENTATION: INTERIOR.	通过重叠像片光学投影，以很小的比例尺将自然地貌再现出来。当来自两个投影器的对应光线在空中相交时，构成投影模型。亦见absolute orientation（绝对定向）、basal orientation（摄影基线定向）、exterior orientation（外定向）和inte... more 通过重叠像片光学投影，以很小的比例尺将自然地貌再现出来。当来自两个投影器的对应光线在空中相交时，构成投影模型。亦见absolute orientation（绝对定向）、basal orientation（摄影基线定向）、exterior orientation（外定向）和interior orientation（内定向）。
	orientation: relative	相对方位	In PHOTOGRAMMETRY, the determining (analytically or in a photogrammetric instrument) of the POSITION and attitude of one of a pair of over... more In PHOTOGRAMMETRY, the determining (analytically or in a photogrammetric instrument) of the POSITION and attitude of one of a pair of overlapping PHOTOGRAPHS with respect to the other PHOTOGRAPH.	摄影测量学中，确定（解析法或者在摄影测量仪中）一对重叠像片中一张相对于另一张的位置及姿态。
	orientation of plane table	平板仪定向	Placing the PLANE TABLE in such a position that every line drawn on the SURVEY SHEET from the point which represents the POSITION of the tab... more Placing the PLANE TABLE in such a position that every line drawn on the SURVEY SHEET from the point which represents the POSITION of the table on the ground to any other point on the sheet, is parallel to the corresponding line in nature.	将平板仪置于测站上，使从外业原图的一个点上所绘的每一条直线均平行于实地相应的线。
	orientation of surveying instrument	测量仪器定向	Placing the instrument in such position that the HORIZONTAL CIRCLE reads 0° when the LINE OF COLLIMATION is parallel to the direction it ha... more Placing the instrument in such position that the HORIZONTAL CIRCLE reads 0° when the LINE OF COLLIMATION is parallel to the direction it had at an earlier (initial) position of the instrument, or to a standard line of reference. If the line of reference is a MERIDIAN, the CIRCLE will show AZIMUTHS referred to that MERIDIAN.	将仪器置于测站，当照准线平行于前（起始）测站方向或标准参考方向时，使仪器水平度盘读数为0°。若参考线为某一经线，则度盘示数为方位角。
	origin	原点	In SURVEYING, the reference position from which angles or distances are reckoned. See also COORDINATES: ORIGIN OF.	在测量学中，指由此参考位置测算角度或距离的点。亦见origin of coordinates（坐标原点）。
	origin: false	伪原点	See COORDINATES: FALSE.	参见false coordinates（伪坐标）。
	original	原图	See REPRODUCTION.	参见reproduction（复制品）。
	original chart	测量原图	See CHART.	根据直接测量的结果绘制的海图。
	origin of coordinates	坐标原点	See COORDINATES: ORIGIN OF.	坐标轴交点，坐标值均自该点起算。在数学中，通常规定该点坐标为（0,0）；但在测量中，通常的做法是赋予此点较大的正坐标值以避免使用负坐标。亦称point of origin（原点）。参见false coordinates（伪坐标）。
	orography	山志学，山岳形态学	The branch of physical geography which deals with the formation and features of MOUNTAINS; the description of MOUNTAINS.	自然地理学分支，一种研究山的形成、特征以及描述山的学科。
	oropesa sweep	扫海拖索	Towed wire used for sweeping sea bottom when surveying SHOALS or WRECKS. It consists of a wire running from the stern of the vessel and held... more Towed wire used for sweeping sea bottom when surveying SHOALS or WRECKS. It consists of a wire running from the stern of the vessel and held out on the water by an OTTER which also pulls down against a towed FLOAT. The amount of wire between FLOAT and OTTER determines the DEPTH of the outer end of the sweep. The inner end of the sweep is held to the required DEPTH and in line with the stern of the vessel by a KITE.	测量浅滩或沉船时扫测海底用的拖曳金属索。该拖索由一个船尾引出的金属索及与浮体相连且露出水面的扫海器组成。浮体与扫海器间金属绳的长度取决于外端扫海的深度。扫海具内端固定在测深需要的位置，它与船尾相连。
	orthochromatic	正色的	(adj.). Said of photographic surfaces sensitive to ultra-violet, blue, yellow, green and orange RAYS. Insensitive to red RAYS.	（形容词）。对像片表面对紫外线、蓝、黄、绿、橙色光敏感，而对红色不敏感的描述。
	orthodrome	大圆，大圆弧	Any line on a CHART representing a GREAT CIRCLE TRACK between two points.	表示海图上两点间大圆航迹的任意曲线。
	orthogonal	正交的，垂直的	(adj.). At right angles; rectangularly meeting, crossing, or lying at right angles.	（形容词）。成直角的，成直角相交、交会的，或位于直角上的。
	orthographic projection	正射投影	See PROJECTION.	由无穷远处的某点射出的投影线垂直于某一切面的透视方位投影。该投影主要用于航海天文学中天球赤道与地平坐标系的坐标转换。
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